View source for Astronomy:(208996) 2003 AZ84

{{Short description|Plutino}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|(208996) 2003 AZ|84}}}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = (208996) {{mp|2003 AZ|84}}
 | background      = #C2E0FF
 | image           = 2003AZ84_Hubble.png
 | image_scale      =
 | caption         = {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} and its possible satellite, imaged by the [[Astronomy:Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope]] on 2 December 2005.
 | discovery_ref   = <ref name="jpldata"/><ref name="MPEC2002-V26"/>
 | discovered      = 13 January 2003
 | discoverer      = [[Biography:Chad Trujillo|C. Trujillo]]<br />[[Biography:Michael E. Brown|M. E. Brown]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Organization:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]]–[[Organization:Palomar Observatory|Palomar Obs.]]
 | mpc_name        = {{mp|2003 AZ|84}}
 | pronounced      = 
 | mp_category     = [[Astronomy:Trans-Neptunian object|TNO]]<ref name="jpldata"/>{{·}}[[Astronomy:Plutino|plutino]]<ref name="Buie"/>{{·}}[[Astronomy:Distant minor planet|distant]]<ref name="MPC-208996"/>
 | orbit_ref       = <ref name="jpldata"/>
 | epoch           = 27 April 2019 ([[Astronomy:Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
 | uncertainty     = 3
 | observation_arc = {{nowrap|20.96 yr (7,654 days)}}
 | earliest_precovery_date = 19 March 1996
 | aphelion        = 46.555 [[Astronomy:Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 32.170 AU
 | time_periastron = ≈ 27 March 2107<ref name=perihelion>[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=208996 JPL Horizons] Observer Location: @sun (Perihelion occurs when deldot changes from negative to positive. Uncertainty in time of perihelion is 3-sigma.)</ref><br />±2.2 days
 | semimajor       = 39.362 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.183
 | period          = 246.96 [[Astronomy:Julian year|yr]] (90,202 days)
 | mean_anomaly    = 232.611[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.003991|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 13.596°
 | asc_node        = 252.202°
 | arg_peri        = 15.211°
 | satellites       = 1<ref name="IAUC-8812"/> {{small|(diameter: 72 km)}}<ref name="JA"/><ref name="johnston"/><br />{{small|(unrecovered)}}<ref name="plutokiller"/>
 | dimensions      = ? ({{val|940|40}})×({{val|766|20}})×({{val|490|16}})&nbsp;km {{small|(derived from assumption of [[Astronomy:Hydrostatic equilibrium|hydrostatic equilibrium]])}}<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/>
 | mean_diameter   = ? {{val|772|12|u=km}} {{small|(assuming HE)}}<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/><br />723 km <small>(for albedo 0.097)</small><ref name=JA/>
 | density         = ? {{val|0.87|0.01|u=g/cm3}} {{small|(assuming HE)}}<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/><br />{{val|0.76|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=JA/>
 | mass            = ? {{val|210|e=18|u=kg}} {{small|(derived from <ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/>)}}<br />{{val|150|e=18|u=kg}} {{small|(derived from <ref name="JA"/>)}}
 | rotation        = {{val|6.7874|0.0002}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="TNOsCool12"/>
 | albedo          = ? {{val|0.097|0.009}} {{small|(assuming HE)}}<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/><br />0.097<ref name=JA/>
 | magnitude       = 20.3 {{small|([[Astronomy:Opposition (planets)|opposition]])}}<ref name="AstDys"/>
 | abs_magnitude   = {{val|3.760|0.058}} {{small|(V)}}<ref name="TNOsCool12"/><br />{{val|3.537|0.053}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Peixinho-2012"/>
}}

'''{{mp|(208996) 2003 AZ|84}}''' (provisional designation '''{{mp|2003 AZ|84}}''')  is a [[Astronomy:Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian object]] with a possible [[Astronomy:Minor-planet moon|moon]]<ref name="IAUC-8812"/><ref name="plutokiller"/> located in the outer regions of the [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]]. It is approximately 940 kilometers across its longest axis, as it has an elongated shape.<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/> It belongs to the [[Astronomy:Plutino|plutino]]s – a group of [[Astronomy:Minor planet|minor planet]]s named after its largest member [[Astronomy:Pluto|Pluto]] – as it orbits in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune in the [[Astronomy:Kuiper belt|Kuiper belt]].<ref name="Buie"/><ref name="MPEC2009-P26"/> It is the third-largest known plutino, after {{dp|Pluto}} and {{dp|Orcus}}. It was discovered on 13 January 2003, by American astronomers [[Biography:Chad Trujillo|Chad Trujillo]] and [[Biography:Michael E. Brown|Michael Brown]] during the [[Organization:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking|NEAT]] survey using the [[Astronomy:Samuel Oschin telescope|Samuel Oschin telescope]] at [[Organization:Palomar Observatory|Palomar Observatory]].<ref name="MPC-208996"/>

Though elongated in shape, {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} displays a small [[Astronomy:Lightcurve|lightcurve]] amplitude due to its rotation axis being oriented nearly pole-on; the variability is mainly caused by albedo features on its surface.<ref name="TNOsCool12"/><ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/>

It is considered a [[Astronomy:List of possible dwarf planets|very likely dwarf planet]] by astronomers Gonzalo Tancredi and Michael Brown.<ref name="Tancredi"/><ref name="Brown-dplist"/> However, Will M. Grundy et al. conclude that objects such as this, in the size range of 400–1,000&nbsp;km, with albedos less than ≈0.2 and densities of ≈1.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> or less, have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies, let alone differentiated or collapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets.<ref name="Grundy2019"/>

== Physical characteristics ==

The [[Astronomy:Spitzer Space Telescope|Spitzer Space Telescope]] has estimated its size at {{val|686|96|u=km}},<ref name="Spitzer2007"/> while an analysis of a combination of Spitzer and Hershel data yielded a slightly higher estimate of {{val|727.0|61.9|-66.5|u=km}}.<ref name="Mommert-2012"/> These results are in agreement with each other.{{efn|The results of the previous observation of {{mp|(208996) 2003 AZ|84}} by the Herschel were reported in 2010. They were obtained using chop/nod technique yielding {{val|910|60|u=km}}.<ref name="Muller2010"/> The difference can be explained by the large light-curve amplitude of {{mp|(208996) 2003 AZ|84}} and the fact that in 2010 the radiation from it was measured at one particular time, while 2012 determination was based on the time-averaged data.<ref name="Mommert-2012"/>}}
The large size of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} makes it a [[Astronomy:List of possible dwarf planets|possible dwarf planet]]. However, if one assumes it to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, the density that results is too low for it to be solid, and hence it may not be a dwarf planet. Its mass is unknown since the satellite has not been recovered.<ref name="plutokiller"/>

A stellar [[Astronomy:Occultation#Occultations by asteroids|occultation]] in 2010 measured a single [[Astronomy:Chord|chord]] of {{val|573|21|u=km}}.<ref name="chord2011"/> But this is only a lower limit for the diameter of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} because the chord may not have passed through the center of the body.<ref name="Braga-Ribas-2011"/>

In 2017, stellar occultations and data from its rotational lightcurve suggested that {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} had an elongated shape, presumably due to its rapid rotation rate of 6.71 hours, similar to [[Astronomy:Haumea|Haumea]] and [[Astronomy:20000 Varuna|Varuna]].<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/> That would give {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} approximate dimensions of 940×766×490&nbsp;km, with its longest axis nearly twice as long as its polar axis.

The spectra and colors of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} are very similar to those of [[Astronomy:90482 Orcus|Orcus]], another large object in 2:3 resonance with Neptune. Both bodies have a flat featureless spectrum in the visible and moderately strong water ice absorption bands in the near-infrared, although {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} has a lower albedo. Both bodies also have a weak absorption band near 2.3&nbsp;μm, which may be caused by [[Chemistry:Ammonia|ammonia]] hydrate or [[Chemistry:Methane|methane]] ice.<ref name="Delsanti2010"/>

== Orbit and rotation ==

{{mp|2003 AZ|84}} orbits the [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]] at an average distance of 39.4&nbsp;[[Astronomy:Astronomical unit|astronomical unit]]s (AU) and completes a full orbit in 247 years.<ref name="jpldata"/> It is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with [[Astronomy:Neptune|Neptune]]; {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} completes two orbits around the Sun for every three orbits completed by Neptune.<ref name="MPEC2009-P26"/> Since it is in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune, {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} is classified as a [[Astronomy:Plutino|plutino]].<ref name="MPEC2009-P26"/> Its orbit is [[Astronomy:Orbital inclination|inclined]] to the [[Astronomy:Ecliptic|ecliptic]] by 13.6 degrees.<ref name="jpldata"/> The orbit of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} is moderately eccentric, with an [[Astronomy:Orbital eccentricity|orbital eccentricity]] of 0.183.<ref name="jpldata"/> {{as of|2019|7}}, {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} is currently located {{convert|44.43|AU|km|lk=in|abbr=on}} from the Sun.<ref name="AstDys"/> It had approached its aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in 1982<ref name="Horizons"/> and will come to its perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) in 2107.<ref name="jpldata"/> Simulations by the [[Astronomy:Deep Ecliptic Survey|Deep Ecliptic Survey]] show that over the next 10 million years {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} will not come closer (''q<sub>min</sub>'') than 31.6 AU from the Sun (it will stay farther away than Neptune).<ref name="Buie"/>

The [[Rotation period|rotation period]] of this minor planet was first measured by [[Biography:Scott S. Sheppard|Scott Sheppard]] in 2003. [[Astronomy:Light curve|Light curve]]s obtained by Sheppard at the University of Hawai'i's [[Astronomy:UH88|2.2-meter telescope]] gave an ambiguous rotation period of either 6.71 or 13.42 hours, with a brightness variation of 0.14 [[Astronomy:Magnitude|magnitudes]] ({{small|U=2}}).<ref name="lcdb"/> The shorter rotation period refers to the single-peaked solution, expected if the brightness variations resulted from [[Earth:Albedo|albedo]] spots. The longer rotation period is for a double-peaked solution, more consistent with an elongated shape that is rotating edge-on.<ref name="Sheppard-2003"/>

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Plutino-orbits_with_2017OF69.png
| width1 = 200
| caption1 = Polar view of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}}'s orbit (yellow) along with other [[Astronomy:Plutino|plutino]]s.
| image2 = 2003AZ84-orbit.png
| width2 = 500
| caption2 = Orbit of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} (blue) compared to the orbits of [[Astronomy:Pluto|Pluto]] and [[Astronomy:Neptune|Neptune]].}}

== Satellite ==
{{anchor|S/2005 (208996) 1}}
{{Infobox planet
| image = 
| caption = 
| name = S/2005 (208996) 1
| discoverer = Brown et al.
| discovered = 2005
| mpc_name = 
| pronounced = 
| note = 
| orbit_ref = <ref name="johnston"/>
| periapsis = 
| apoapsis = 
| semimajor = {{val|7200|300|u=km}}
| eccentricity = 
| period = {{val|12|u=d}} (prograde)
| inclination = 
| satellite_of = 2003 AZ<sub>84</sub>
| physical_ref = <ref name="johnston"/>
| mean_radius = {{val|36|6|u=km}}
| spectral_type = 
| magnitude = 
| abs_magnitude = 
}}

Using observations with the [[Astronomy:Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope]], the discovery of a satellite of {{mp|2003 AZ|84}} was reported in IAUC 8812 on 22 February 2007.<ref name="johnston"/><ref name="IAUC-8812"/><ref name="EKO51"/> The object was measured with a separation of 0.22 arcsec and an [[Astronomy:Apparent magnitude|apparent magnitude]] difference of 5.0.<ref name="IAUC-8812"/> {{As of|2012}}, attempts to recover the satellite have failed.<ref name="plutokiller"/> The unrecovered satellite is estimated to be about {{val|72|12|u=km}} in diameter.<ref name="JA"/><ref name="johnston"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=

<!-- Not in use
{{efn|name=volumetric|(940×766×490)<sup>1/3</sup> for centre point,<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017"/> (900×746×474)<sup>1/3</sup> for lower and (980×786×506)<sup>1/3</sup> for upper bound {{=}} {{val|706.62|23.85|23.88}}, with integer rounding being appropriate given precision of input data, and still accurate overall}}
Not in use-->

}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web | url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2208996 | title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 208996 (2003 AZ84) | publisher=[[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] | accessdate=9 February 2017 | type=2016-03-03 last obs.}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-208996">{{cite web | url=https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=208996 | title=208996 (2003 AZ84) | work=Minor Planet Center | accessdate=9 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="IAUC-8812">{{cite journal | bibcode=2007IAUC.8812....1B | url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08812.html#Item1 | title=Satellites of 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), and (90482) | date=22 February 2007 | last=Green | first=Daniel W. E. | journal=IAU Circular | volume=8812 | pages=1 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205520/http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08812.html | archivedate=19 July 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MPEC2002-V26">{{cite web | url=https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/mpec/K03/K03B27.html | title=MPEC 2003-B27 : 2003 AZ84 | publisher=Minor Planet Center | date=26 January 2003 | accessdate=6 January 2010 | last=Marsden | first=Brian G.}}</ref>

<ref name="Buie">{{cite web | url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/208996.html | title=Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 208996 | publisher=Southwest Research Institute | date=18 February 2009 | accessdate=29 August 2009 | author=Marc W. Buie | }}</ref>

<ref name="MPEC2009-P26">{{cite web | url=https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/mpec/K09/K09P26.html | title=MPEC 2009-P26 : Distant Minor Planets (2009 August 17.0 TT) | publisher=Minor Planet Center | date=7 August 2009 | accessdate=28 August 2009 | last=Marsden | first=Brian G.}}</ref>

<ref name="johnston">{{cite web | url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-208996.html | title=(208996) 2003 AZ84 | publisher=Johnston's Archive | date=20 September 2014 | accessdate=16 January 2018 | last=Johnston | first=Wm. Robert}}</ref>

<!-- needs better source -->
<ref name="plutokiller">{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/plutokiller/status/165400568729305088 | title=After a bit more than 3 hrs on 2003AZ84 still no obvious moon. | publisher=[[Company:Twitter|Twitter]] | date=3 February 2012 | accessdate=3 February 2012 | last=Brown | first=Michael E. | }}</ref>

<ref name="Brown-dplist">{{cite web | url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dps.html | title=How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? | publisher=[[Organization:California Institute of Technology|California Institute of Technology]] | date=20 May 2019 | accessdate=6 July 2019 | last=Brown | first=Michael E.}}</ref>

<ref name="JA">{{cite web | url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html | title=List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects | work=Johnston's Archive | date=24 May 2019 | accessdate=6 July 2019 | last=Johnston | first=Wm. Robert}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web | url=http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=208996%7C | title=LCDB Data for (208996) | publisher=Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) | accessdate=9 February 2017}}</ref>

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<ref name="AstDys">{{cite web | url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=208996&oc=500&y0=2019&m0=1&d0=1&h0=0&mi0=0&y1=2020&m1=1&d1=1&h1=0&mi1=0&ti=1.0&tiu=days | title=AstDys (208996) 2003AZ84 Ephemerides | publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy | accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>

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<ref name="Horizons">{{cite web | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=2003AZ84 | title=Horizon Online Ephemeris System | publisher=[[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] | accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>

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<ref name="Dias-Oliveira-2017">{{cite journal | arxiv=1705.10895 | bibcode=2017AJ....154...22D | display-authors=6 | first1=A. | first10=A. R. | first11=T. | first12=T. | first13=J. | first14=R. | first15=P. | first16=Z. | first17=S. | first18=Y. | first19=P. | date=23 June 2017 | first2=B. | first20=J. | first21=Z. | first22=A. | first23=Q. | first24=R. | first25=Z. | first26=N. | first27=A. | first28=E. | first29=A. | first30=R. | first31=M. | first32=E. | first33=S. | first34=A. | first35=J. | first36=P. | first37=J. | first38=I. | first39=A. | first40=V. | first41=N. | first42=E. | first43=C. | first44=A. | first45=S. | first46=P. | first47=A. | first48=F. | first49=T. | first50=A. | first51=Watanabe | first52=Watanabe | first53=M. | first54=H. | first55=T. | first56=J. | first57=S. | first58=H. | first59=S. | first60=G. | first61=T. | first62=R. | first63=G. | journal=The Astronomical Journal | last1=Dias-Oliveira | last10=Gomes-Júnior | last11=Baug | last12=Chandrasekhar | last13=Desmars | last14=Duffard | last15=Santos-Sanz | last16=Ergang | last17=Ganesh | last18=Ikari | last19=Irawati | last2=Sicardy | last20=Jain | last21=Liying | last22=Richichi | last23=Shengbang | last24=Behrend | last25=Benkhaldoun | last26=Brosch | last27=Daassou | last28=Frappa | last29=Gal-Yam | last3=Ortiz | first3=J. L. | last30=Garcia-Lozano | last31=Gillon | last32=Jehin | last33=Kaspi | last34=Klotz | last35=Lecacheux | last36=Mahasena | last37=Manfroid | last38=Manulis | last39=Maury | last4=Braga-Ribas | first4=F. | last40=Mohan | last41=Morales | last42=Ofek | last43=Rinner | last44=Sharma | last45=Sposetti | last46=Tanga | last47=Thirouin | last48=Vachier | last49=Widemann | last5=Leiva | first5=R. | last50=Asai | last51=Hayato | last52=Hiroyuki | last53=Owada | last54=Yamamura | last55=Hayamizu | last56=Bradshaw | last57=Kerr | last58=Tomioka | last59=Andersson | last6=Vieira-Martins | first6=R. | last60=Dangl | last61=Haymes | last62=Naves | last63=Wortmann | title=Study of the Plutino Object (208996) 2003 AZ84 from Stellar Occultations: Size, Shape, and Topographic Features | last7=Benedetti-Rossi | first7=G. | last8=Camargo | first8=J. I. B. | last9=Assafin | first9=M. | number=1 | volume=154 | page=13 | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa74e9| s2cid=119098862 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="TNOsCool12">{{cite journal
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<ref name="Grundy2019">{{Citation | author1=Grundy, W.M. | author2=Noll, K.S. | author3=Buie, M.W. | author4=Benecchi, S.D. | author5=Ragozzine, D. | author6=Roe, H.G. | url=http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf | title=The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁ'hòmdímà (229762 2007 UK126) | journal=Icarus | volume=334 | pages=30–38 | date=7 January 2019 | doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037 | bibcode=2019Icar..334...30G | s2cid=126574999 | access-date=7 July 2019 | archive-date=7 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407045339/http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [http://andrew-lowe.ca/2003az84.htm (208996) 2003 AZ84 Precovery Images]
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/TNOs.html List Of Transneptunian Objects] – ''Minor Planet Center''
* {{AstDys|208996}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator | |number=208996 |PageName={{mp|(208996) 2003 AZ|84}} | }}
{{Dwarf planets}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Trans-Neptunian objects}}
{{Solar System moons (compact)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:208996}}
[[Category:Plutinos]]
[[Category:Possible dwarf planets]]

{{Sourceattribution|(208996) 2003 AZ84}}